Insulin-producing cells grown in the lab could provide a possible cure for the age-old disease, diabetes.
Understanding Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, leading to dangerously high blood glucose levels. Patients often require insulin administration and other medications to manage blood sugar levels. For those who struggle with blood sugar control, beta-cell transplants are an option, but they require immunosuppressive drugs.
Breakthroughs in Stem Cell Research
A research group at Harvard University reported using insulin-producing cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells to lower blood glucose levels in mice. Laboratories worldwide are making rapid progress in human stem cell technology to develop cells functionally equivalent to beta cells and other pancreatic cell types. Novel biomaterials are being developed to encapsulate these cells, protecting them from the immune system without the need for immunosuppressants.
Major Investments in Diabetes Treatment
Pharmaceutical companies and venture capital firms have invested over $100 million in leading biotechnology companies to bring stem cell treatments into clinical use. Prominent companies include:
- Semma Therapeutics
- Sigilon Therapeutics
- ViaCyte
Transforming Human Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Cells
Researchers at UC San Francisco have successfully transformed human stem cells into mature insulin-producing cells, a significant breakthrough in developing a cure for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). These cells mimic the function of pancreatic beta cells and offer hope for creating transplantable cells for patients with diabetes.
What is T1 Diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, typically starting in childhood. Without insulin, blood glucose levels can spike, causing severe organ damage and potentially leading to death. The condition can be managed with insulin shots, but serious health complications often persist, such as kidney failure, heart disease, and stroke.
Making Insulin-Producing Cells from Stem Cells
Diabetes can be treated through a pancreas transplant or donor cell transplantation, but both methods rely on deceased donors. Scientists have struggled to produce mature beta cells responsive to blood glucose and capable of secreting insulin correctly. However, recent breakthroughs at UCSF have achieved this transformation in mice, marking a critical step toward human application.
Protecting Stem Cell Therapies from the Immune System
Delivering stem cell therapies requires protection from immune attacks while maintaining cell functionality. Companies are exploring two main strategies:
- Microencapsulation: Immobilizing cells individually or in small clusters within biocompatible gel blobs.
- Macroencapsulation: Placing larger numbers of cells into a larger, implantable device.
Companies Leading the Way
- ViaCyte: Partnered with Johnson & Johnson, using microencapsulation in clinical trials.
- Semma: Developing both macro- and microencapsulation methods, readying for clinical trials.
- Sigilon: Utilizing gel-based spheres for encapsulation, in collaboration with Eli Lilly.
Conclusion
Stem cell treatment holds the potential to revolutionize diabetes care, offering a one-end solution to managing and potentially curing the disease. With significant investments and ongoing research, the future of diabetes treatment looks promising. Researchers and companies are making strides in developing effective and safe stem cell therapies, bringing hope to millions worldwide.
